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Proteins (7:32)

Added Sep 23, 2019 •

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Discussion on proteins and their many functions.

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so the last group of molecules that we need to talk about are the proteins this is the largest group of all in the most diverse group meaning there's a lot of variety within the different types of proteins the elements carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen on associate Joanne porch on the word protein is Greek and Indians primary or first which means that these are the most important molecules in terms of sustaining life because they have so many specific functions in living things without protein is life just wouldn't be able to exist with proteins everyone has a unique and complicated structure and function this rule applies to all molecules but especially with protein that structure determines function if you change that structure or shape of something you're going to change the job at able to do and we're going to see that more specifically with one group of proteins later on so the monomers of proteins the building blocks of are amino acids there are 20 different amino acids can be made by our own bodies but eight of them are essential amino acids because we have to take them into our diet and it's essential that you ingest them so as your body is able to obtain amino acids in cells or it takes in proteins and it breaks down into those amino acids building blocks and uses them so I don't know if we can make 12 on her own but there's about types that we have to ingest amino acids work a lot like letters of the alphabet although there are only 20 you can put them together in so many different combinations it's like the English language if you rearrange the letters you get a brand-new word so he rearrange the amino acid you get a brand new protein each amino acid is held to the next amino acid by a certain type of bond called a peptide bond so let me know acids also have their own smaller pieces that you can identify every amino acid has a central carbon shown in this picture right here it's in the center and it's got a C4 carbon a hydrogen shown up here with the H and amino group just like we looked out their functional groups and H to hear the amino group over here a carboxyl group double bonded to O with an o h as well and then there's this side group or our group as it can be called the our group is the distinguishing factor with amino acids so every amino acid has the carbon hydrogen amino group and carboxyl group in common the side group is always going to be different and that is what tells you exactly what I mean o acid you are dealing with the polymers of proteins you can just simply call them proteins that is what a larger molecule when you put together many amino acids makes the other name used for this is a polypeptide because we said already that amino acids are held together by peptide bonds and when you put many amino acids together like you have in this picture down here I need that there's many peptide bonds between them so Kali meaning money and peptide meeting the peptide bond that holds those building blocks together so the monomer of a protein is an amino acid in the polymer once you put many amino acids together just simply have protein these are some of the chemical structures of amino acids you do not need to be able to recognize or identify any of these just for the purposes of seeing some of their different structures and remember with proteins or structure determines the function all the amino acids are different that's going to change the overall protein and once again he was just looking at the 20 common amino acids of their variance structures we argued this with carbohydrates but it's worth saying again creating a larger molecule out of monomers that process is dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction you remove a water and that sticks the two monomers together to create a polymer in this case it's how we put me don't ask together to form a polypeptide to break down a polypeptide back into its amino acid building blocks is hydrolysis inserting water molecules to break them back into their original pieces this is a closer look at what the what do to put these together so here we have a long chain of amino acids forming already will see these abbreviations later on as well and when you remove a water molecule from a that's dehydrated that's dehydration synthesis bringing this picture and it's forming use peptide bonds between each of the amino acids proteins have seven seven functions that you make sure you need to know the first a structure proteins allow us in all of our hard to have support and shape some examples of proteins that provide a structure are collagen and elastin those are found in our skin are tendons ligaments and cartilage and keratin which is found in our hair and four other animals their horns are there and for our nails as well the second function is transport they move other molecules around so one protein is responsible for moving other things as hemoglobin which you probably heard of hemoglobin is found in our red blood cells and that's what hole oxygen to deliberate throughout our body the third function is motion to allow the living thing to move in humans actin and myosin are two types of proteins that are in all of our muscles and that's what allows muscles to contract or shorten she can see in this picture as the sticker filaments or the myosin and here are these little red blobs grab onto the scene purple filament they dragged them in and that's what shortens the muscle the 4th is defense so they provide protection against invading organisms or disease has one type of protein that we relying heavily for defense are antibodies and that's what fights off any foreign Invader in your body that's what determines that something is not native to ecosystem and will try to destroy it to keep you from getting sick the fit function is storage we use proteins to store nutrients overtime ovalbumin is a protein found in egg whites that's why people say that eggs are good source of protein and casein is a protein found in milk which again when people say that Dairy provides Protein that's one of the other proteins commonly found the sixth function is signal or hormones so proteins regulate body functions insulin and glucagon are both responsible for regulating the blood glucose or blood sugar levels in our bodies we have a specific area that we need to maintain in terms of our sugar threshold and we have too little are too much we rely on insulin and glucagon to help bring it back to the right place to help maintain homeostasis or stability the seventh function is when we're going to look pretty deeply into and that is something called an enzyme enzyme are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in basic examples of enzymes are amylase which breaks down starch if you remember from a carbohydrate video we said that starches other real name is amylose to the sugar Palos in the enzyme that breaks it down is amylase we also have lipases which break down fats or lipids and proteins has which break down other proteins so those are just some examples of enzymes in the next video we do we'll look at some other characteristics of an enzyme why they're so important for us

Uploaded by Laura Lovelace.

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Proteins (7:32)

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