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Carbohydrates (11:00)

Added Sep 23, 2019 •

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Introduction to organic molecules and a discussion on carbohydrates.

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we are going to start looking into organic compounds now we talked about these very briefly when we looked at the characteristics of life and we're going to go into what this means to be an organic compound as well as the different groups that exist so organic molecules are all carbon-based when we first looked at hydrocarbons we talked about organic chemistry we learned that that is the study of all molecules that contain carbon that are carbon-based that's exactly what we're still doing here so I organic compounds or molecules contain carbon as one of their key elements in the four groups that were going to look at are carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids are the four groups that all living things have in common from those characteristics of that we discussed some key terms that you need to keep in mind as we go through these different groups they're going to come up again and again monomer is one a monomer as a smaller substance you can think of a building block that put together with other monomers in order to create larger molecules a polymer is the exact opposite that is a larger molecule that can be broken down into the smaller subunits or Mana so if you look at the words and kind of break them down mono the prefix of monomer means one one tart a small single unit and Polly that's a prefix we're actually going to see several times in these different groups poly means many so polymer has many parts to it it's where my units have already been combined so monomers make polymers when you put them together and polymers can then be broken back down into monomers it's really important that you can keep these two terms straight so the first group organic molecules are going to look at are carbohydrates you've heard of these I'm sure all the time when you're thinking about food calories things like that just day-to-day like you hear people talking about carbs or carbohydrates mission of these molecules is to store and release energy within the cells carbohydrates are made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen c h o and if you look at the word it tells you exactly what's in it carbo means that contains carbon and the suffix of the word hydrate tells you that there's a there's a specific ratio of hydrogen to oxygen within it the same as you'd find in water where there's twice as many hydrogen's as off if you look at all three of those elements combined the ratio is 1 to 221 or everyone carbon you have two hydrogen's and then just one oxygen and comparison set of monomers Orville blocks of carbohydrates are called simple sugars fees also have their own special name which is monosaccharide that sounds like a big confusing word but it just means sugar and you're going to hear a lot the formula for any monosaccharide is C6 h-12 and three types that we are looking at are glucose fructose and galactose all three of those have the exact same molecular formula the atoms are just arranged a little bit differently the most, the one that we will discuss is glucose so all three monosaccharides like I just said have the same molecular formula because they're made of the same number of the same exact atoms so they all have six carbons 12 hydrogens and six oxygen we discuss this a little earlier as well wear if you have two molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of the atoms those are called isomers and that's exactly what these three molecules are fructose glucose and galactose are all monosaccharides I'll have C6 h-12 o-6 of the formula but they're putting two different arrangements and therefore they have different properties May behave differently one quick thing to note whenever you hear that suffix host OS like glucose or galactose talking about a sugar you're going to hear that again and again we talked about carbohydrates but just as a rule of thumb if you're trying to identify and molecules and if it has Oaks at the end of it you're talking about a sugar so this is just another rapper location of glucose here's the linear structure similar to what we've been doing with are hydrocarbons and then you can also represent in different types of ring structures which is really how the carbohydrate exists in nature carbohydrates are found in rings just like nice pictures different types of polymers exist for carbohydrates once you start putting those monosaccharides together if you put two monosaccharides together you get double sugars or disaccharides the Forum Freddy disaccharide is C12 H22 o11 the three disaccharides are sucrose lactose and maltose and at the very least lactose should sound familiar that's what we hear we think there are we think of with milk Chris is just common table sugar so here are the structural pictures of sucrose lactose and maltose and sucrose table sugar if you combine one glucose and one fructose you get that disaccharide lactose is the major sugar found in milk and if you put glucose and galactose together that's what you get and maltose is a product of starch digestion meaning if you start with a larger starch molecule it gets broken down YouTube Altos and that's what happens when you put different glucose molecules together so rather than a monosaccharide be a monomer these are not polymers with two rings together so there's two rings it is a die there's an important process that actually creates these disaccharide molecules and it's called dehydration synthesis if you think of what it means to be dehydrated it means that you remove a water molecule if you're dehydrated you are lacking water synthesis is a word we're going to see a lot drop biology and it means to make something so dehydration synthesis just means making something by removing water so if you took two monosaccharides like we have here and you removed two hydrogen's and one oxygen what you end up with is basically a way to glue them together into a disaccharide so you combine two different monomers and you form a more from them in water as a product it's on his picture here you can see if we remove the o h from this monomer and hydrogen from this monomer remove water dehydration and that glues those together synthesis part and you can come by this time and time again to create larger and larger polymers this is just one more representation of that you remove a water you dehydrated and it synthesizes or makes a larger the opposite of this reaction is hydrolysis Hydro still referring to water and lysis that suffix meaning to break something down so now instead of removing water from the molecules to glue them together we're going to push a watermelon into it and that forces the polymer to break apart back into its smaller building blocks or monomers this is the exact opposite process of dehydration synthesis so here we start with our polymer up the Top If You force a water between two of those units it would break them apart and then you're left again with your monomers at the end of this and there's one more representation for the water molecule in and it breaks it down and breaks it apart. dialysis I'll put a short animation on schoology so you can sort of see this process and action if this is still a little confusing with all of our organic molecules this is the process that is going to create or break down from one level to the next so the largest level of carbohydrates that we're going to look at the biggest polymers are called polysaccharides or complex sugars so these are very very long chains of sugars that have been created please polysaccharides but in reality there is a group between disaccharide and polysaccharide that's called oligosaccharides we're just going to kind of gloss over those we're going to say if there's one ring it's a monosaccharide if there's two rings together that's a dice. and for our purposes anything larger than two rings is going to be considered a polysaccharide the three that we are concerned with are starch cellulose and glycogen the starches real name is actually amylose if you heard me talking about that lab that Anatomy has been working on that use amylase and enzyme to break down starch or amylose those go hand-in-hand together starch is how plants store their energy over time they can access it later when they need it also common in the food that we eat cellulose is plant fiber this is something that humans are actually in capable of digesting but it's a very important part of our diet because it helps move other food through our digestive system so it's important to have dietary even though we can't digest it or break it down into its smaller monomers glycogen is the last polysaccharide we're looking at and that's what we store energy as within our liver so if you are exercising or if you haven't eaten for a long time of your body is looking for energy it goes to its glycogen reserves from the liver and start breaking those down into energy and you can see in these pictures although they're kind of small you have much more complex shapes overall this one kind of looks like a seal she just went haywire this is a long very complete pattern for cellulose and amylose just a very large winding molecule these are much more complex than just a single ring for a monosaccharide these are again just some representations of those larger molecules these are the three polysaccharides starch glycogen and cellulose so just to end this some common carbohydrate examples that we Cinco's they're actually more places than we really consider carbohydrates are found in bread rice pasta are fruits and vegetables what are there in the form of glucose or sugar in your fruit or in cellulose and fiber are vegetables salsa and things like soda candy anything that's going to give us energy because that's the main purpose of a carbohydrate there to store and release energy they behave in a slightly different ways depending on which type you're taking it in I think of how you feel after you had soda and candy versus how you feel after you've eaten maybe some brown rice that's going to be pretty different based on how quickly those sugars are released into your bloodstream but they all are carbohydrates

Uploaded by Laura Lovelace.

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Carbohydrates (11:00)

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